Cryogenic plants process and store materials at extremely low temperatures, typically below -150°C (-238°F). These facilities include LNG liquefaction and regasification terminals, industrial gas production plants (oxygen, nitrogen, argon), and specialized applications in energy, chemical, and research industries.

Cryogenic plant equipment operates under unique challenges: extreme temperature differentials, brittle fracture concerns, thermal contraction effects, and insulation requirements for energy efficiency. Materials must maintain toughness at cryogenic temperatures, typically requiring stainless steels, aluminum alloys, or special nickel steels.

Equipment includes heat exchangers, storage tanks, cold boxes, vaporizers, and transfer systems designed for cryogenic service. Fabrication requires specialized welding procedures, impact testing to verify low-temperature toughness, and strict quality controls to ensure equipment integrity in demanding service conditions.